In schizophrenia patients, mortality risk from heart attack increases with obesity and smoking


schizophrenia patients mortality risk from heart attack increases with obesity and smokingIn schizophrenia patients, mortality risk from heart attack increases with obesity and smoking. Death by heart attack is higher in schizophrenia patients, compared to the general population. The average lifespan in schizophrenia patients is 20 years shorter than in the general population, too. Factors that contribute to this shortened lifespan are smoking, diabetes, and metabolic problems often caused by antipsychotic medications. These factors worsen cardiac outcomes as well, and patients are less likely to take steps to modify their lifestyle habits, although this can improve cardiac condition.

Dr. Paul Kurdyak, Chief of the Division of General and Health Systems Psychiatry at CAMH, said, “When we looked at the data, we found that people with schizophrenia were 56 percent more likely to die after discharge from hospital following a heart attack, than those who did not have schizophrenia. We also found that patients with schizophrenia, despite the increase in mortality risk after a heart attack, were half as likely to receive life-saving cardiac procedures and care from cardiologists, than those without schizophrenia.”

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Moreover, they found that patients were 50 percent less likely to receive cardiac procedures or see a cardiologist within 30 days of discharge from a hospital.

Dr. Kurdyak added, “The numbers tell us that people with schizophrenia — the ones who are at most risk to develop and subsequently die from heart attacks — are not receiving adequate care. The possible solutions are two-fold: prevention is one. We need to support patients whom we know are at risk of developing medication-related metabolic issues by working with them to provide strategies to offset weight gain, such as healthy eating and physical activity. The other part is aftercare – the mental health care team, primary care providers, and the cardiac specialists need to work together to ensure that patients are seen again after a first incident of heart attack.”

Causes of increased risk for CVD-related deaths in schizophrenia

The risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths in schizophrenia patients are very similar to the general public, except that patients often don’t make necessary lifestyle changes to reduce their risk. That is why CVD-related risk factors are much more deadly among schizophrenia patients than the general public. Below are some of the risk factors that contribute to CVD-related deaths in schizophrenia.

Obesity and metabolic syndrome: As mentioned, many of the medications aimed to treat schizophrenia can contribute to metabolic syndrome as well as obesity – which are two known risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Metabolic syndrome is a physiological change that increases a person’s risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and includes conditions like high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammatory activity. Lifestyle changes can go a long way in reducing metabolic syndrome, but oftentimes schizophrenia patients do not make lifestyle changes to improve their outcome.

Smoking and substance abuse: Another risk factor is smoking and substance abuse. Smoking is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and it is found to be three times more prevalent among schizophrenics.

Substance abuse is generally high among schizophrenics, too. Many substances lower psychosocial functioning and create higher rates of relapses.

Physical inactivity and poor diet: Lack of physical activity and consuming a poor diet are two other known factors of CVD. It is estimated that only 26 percent of schizophrenics partake in physical activity. Their diets are also high in fat, which is known to contribute to risk factors associated with CVD, like becoming overweight or contributing to bad cholesterol. Changes to the reward system in schizophrenic brains may contribute to poor diet, while poor personal economy may prevent patients from making healthy food choices and opt for cheap, fast food instead.

As you can see, many of the risk factors for CVD are similar between the general population and schizophrenic patients, but unfortunately schizophrenics are at higher risk for mortality, because their condition puts them in a worse position to improve their outcomes. This is why it’s so important to seek out treatment, not only to aid in the mental disorder, but to improve overall health as well.


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Sources:
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-10/cfaa-pws100312.php
http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00137/full#h6

Author Bio

Mohan Garikiparithi got his degree in medicine from Osmania University (University of Health Sciences). He practiced clinical medicine for over a decade before he shifted his focus to the field of health communications. During his active practice he served as the head of the Dept. of Microbiology in a diagnostic centre in India. On a three-year communications program in Germany, Mohan developed a keen interest in German Medicine (Homoeopathy), and other alternative systems of medicine. He now advocates treating different medical conditions without the use of traditional drugs. An ardent squash player, Mohan believes in the importance of fitness and wellness.

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